Rauchmelder oder Rauchalarme sind in US-amerikanischen Haushalten weit verbreitet und in allen Neubauten gesetzlich vorgeschrieben. Sie sind in praktisch allen Mietwohnungen, Hotelzimmern und anderen gewerblichen Wohngebäuden sowie in Unternehmen vorgeschrieben. Umfragen von Harris und der Consumer Product Safety Commission aus dem Jahr 2004 zeigen, dass 96 % bis 97 % der US-Haushalte über mindestens einen Rauchalarm verfügen.
Alarmschutz
Alarmschutz
Historische Entdeckung: Immer mehr Haushalte haben Rauchmelder installiert, die Zahl der durch Feuer verursachten Todesfälle und Verletzungen ist zurückgegangen
Untersuchungen der National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) zeigen einen „dramatischen Rückgang“ der Zahl der Todesfälle und Verletzungen durch Brände in Privathaushalten, da immer mehr US-Haushalte Rauchmelder und Rauchalarme installieren. Laut einem Artikel aus dem Jahr 2012 in der Zeitschrift Fire Apparatus & Emergency Equipment retten Rauchmelder nicht nur Leben, sondern das Fehlen eines Rauchalarms macht ein Haus anfälliger für Brände und damit verbundene Verletzungen und Todesfälle. Die folgenden Ergebnisse stammen aus dem Zeitraum zwischen 1977 und 2009:
Todesfälle durch Hausbrände gingen um fast 56 % zurück
Die Zahl der Verletzungen ging um fast 60 % zurück
Vier Prozent der Haushalte ohne Rauchmelder waren für 31 Prozent der Brände und 40 Prozent der Todesfälle verantwortlich.
30 % der Todesfälle ereigneten sich in Häusern, in denen die Rauchmelder deaktiviert oder nicht funktionsfähig waren
Die heutige Herausforderung: Welche Art von Rauchmelder soll installiert werden?
Untersuchungen von Underwriters Laboratories (UL) zu aktuellen Ursachen von Wohnungsbränden haben ergeben, dass synthetische Materialien in der Wohnungseinrichtung schneller Feuer fangen, schneller und intensiver brennen und mehr Rauch erzeugen als natürliche Materialien. Dadurch verkürzt sich die Zeit, die den Bewohnern bleibt, um auf einen Alarm zu reagieren. Eine schnelle Reaktion auf einen ausgelösten Rauchmelder ist daher wichtiger, um Verletzungen oder Todesfälle zu vermeiden.
Die Frage, die sich Verbraucher stellen, ist, welche Art von rauchwarnmelder sie besser schützt. Derzeit gibt es zwei Möglichkeiten:
Ionisationsmelder reagieren stärker auf Flammenbrände.
Photoelektrische Melder reagieren auf Schwelbrände
Die NFPA empfiehlt die Installation beider Alarmtypen – oder eines Doppelmelders – um den Schutz zu maximieren. Viele Häuser verfügen über ein umfassendes Alarmsystem, das einen Einbruchalarm mit Bewegungsmeldern oder Kameras, Rauchmeldern und CO2-Meldern umfasst. Diese Systeme können ziemlich ausgefeilt sein und sogar mit Smartphones, Tablets und Laptops funktionieren!
Test der Feuerwehr zeigt schnellere Ionisationserkennung
Im Januar 2014 besprach die Feuerwehr von Lexington, Kentucky, mit dem lokalen Fernsehsender WKYT einen Rauchmeldertest.
Feuerwehrleute zündeten ein Sofakissen etwa drei Meter von einem Ionisationsdetektor, einem photoelektrischen Detektor, einem Doppeldetektor und einem Kohlenmonoxidmelder entfernt an. Sie hielten die Flammen niedrig, damit sie weiter schwelen konnten.
Vierzig Sekunden nachdem das Kissen entzündet wurde, ging der Doppeldetektor los. Fünfundvierzig Sekunden später wurde der Ionisationsdetektor aktiviert, kurz darauf der Kohlenmonoxiddetektor. Der fotoelektrische Alarm ging fast drei Minuten nach Testbeginn los.
Der Test wurde wiederholt, wobei die Melder näher oder weiter vom Feuer entfernt angebracht wurden, die Ergebnisse blieben jedoch dieselben.
Während der Dualdetektor als der „Cadillac“ unter den Detektoren bezeichnet werden könnte, bemerkte ein Bataillonskommandeur, „ist der andere Ionisationsdetektor, der eine Stufe darunter liegt und etwa ein Viertel des Preises kostet, genauso gut.“
Underwriters Laboratories: Die Größe der Rauchpartikel macht den Unterschied
Eine Studie von UL und der Fire Protection Research Foundation der NFPA aus dem Jahr 2006 kam zu dem Schluss, dass Ionisations- und photoelektrische Rauchmelder auf Rauchpartikel unterschiedlicher Größe reagieren.
Die Forschung von UL ergab, dass Ionisationsrauchmelder früher auslösen, wenn etwas plötzlich in Flammen aufgeht. Bei dieser Art von Bränden sind die Rauchpartikel kleiner. Ionisationsmelder lösen auch bei Bränden mit hoher Energie, wie sie beispielsweise von Toastern ausgehen, früher aus. Photoelektronische Melder lösen bei Schwelbränden mit geringerer Energie, bei denen größere Rauchpartikel entstehen, früher aus.
Aktuelle Forschungen untersuchen die Häufigkeit von Schwelbränden im Vergleich zu plötzlich auftretenden Bränden, die kürzeren Zeitspannen zwischen Rauch und Feuer sowie neue Technologien zu einer früheren Erkennung.

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